Updating macOS can be a real chore sometimes, especially if you get stuck in an update loop because there isn’t enough free space. Some users started the update but found themselves stuck in this “boot loop” after it failed, returning to the update installer page every time their Mac booted up again.
If there isn’t enough free space on your Mac, usually you get an alert before you start the update. But if your update failed during installation, or if that alert failed to read your storage properly, you might find yourself with problems.
In this post, we’ve explained a few different ways to break out of the macOS update loop and make sure you have enough free space on your Mac.
Contents
Related:
- PSA: macOS Catalina will kill your 32-bit apps — here’s what you should know
- How to use the new storage optimization features in macOS Sierra
- MacBook will not start up after macOS update, how-to fix
- How to create a macOS Catalina USB installer
- macOS could not be installed, how-to fix
Why do I need free space to update macOS?
It’s not immediately obvious why your Mac needs free space to update itself anyway. Especially after you already made enough space to download the update. But in fact, the macOS update installer needs extra room to work in.
As the update installs, it copies files and expands folders, taking up much more space than it needed to download. In fact, you often need as much as 20 GB of free storage on your Mac to update the operating software on it.
Without that space, the macOS update installer can’t complete all of its tasks, and the update fails.
How much free storage do I need to update macOS?
Apple lists storage space recommendations for macOS updates on its website. Click here to take a look at that page, typically Apple suggests you need around 20 GB of free space.
We advise you to give your Mac 1.5x Apple’s recommended storage requirement for an update. This should avoid the risk of getting stuck in a macOS update loop.
Regardless of whether you’re updating your Mac, try to keep at least 10% of your hard drive empty. This is common advice to help your computer run smoothly.
How do I create more free space from a macOS update loop?
If you can, reboot your Mac and sign in. Then free up more space by deleting large files or moving them to an external hard drive. We’ve included more space-saving tips at the bottom of this post.
But if you can’t log in to your Mac — which is probably the case if you’re reading this post — follow the troubleshooting steps below to break out of the macOS update loop or free up space from within the macOS installer.
Step 1. Change your startup disk
Move your mouse to the top-left corner of the screen, you should see a menu bar appear. Go to > Startup Disk… and select your Mac’s hard drive, which is usually called ‘Macintosh HD.’
Click Restart and wait for your Mac to reboot. It should boot up normally, breaking you out of the macOS update loop. Now you can follow these tips to free up enough space for the macOS update.
What if I can’t see a menu bar?
If there’s no menu bar or no option to choose your startup disk, reboot your Mac into Recovery Mode. Do this by holding the command+R keys while powering your Mac on.
From Recovery Mode you should be able to follow the instructions above to choose your startup disk.
What if I can’t choose my startup disk?
If the Startup Disk window doesn’t show your Mac’s hard drive, follow the instructions below to repair your drive using Disk Utility. Then try choosing your startup disk again.
Step 2. Repair your hard drive using Disk Utility
Small problems with your drive might be the reason your macOS update failed, they might also be the reason you can’t select your Mac’s hard drive as the startup disk. Fortunately, they’re easy to repair using Disk Utility.
You should be able to open the Disk Utility application from the Utilities option in the menu bar. If you can’t see a menu bar, follow these instructions to boot your Mac into Recovery Mode.
In Disk Utility, select your Mac’s hard drive from the sidebar, it’s usually called ‘Macintosh HD.’ Make sure you select the parent level drive, which may have a different name. Now click the First Aid button and Run first aid on the drive.
This checks your hard drive for errors and repairs any it finds. Reboot your Mac when it finishes, if you return to the macOS update installer again, repeat these instructions to choose your startup disk.
Step 3. Erase your hard drive, if you have a backup
If you have a recent backup of your Mac — or if you don’t mind losing all the content and data on it — the next step is to erase your hard drive completely. If you don’t want to erase your Mac, click here to skip to the final step instead.
After erasing your Mac, you should definitely have enough free space to update macOS, at which point you can restore your backup.
How do I erase the hard drive on my Mac?
- Erasing your hard drive permanently deletes all your content — films, photos, documents, etc. — do not do it unless you have a backup.
- Boot your Mac into Recovery Mode by holding the command+R keys while it powers on.
- From the menu bar, go to Utilities > Disk Utility.
- Select your Mac’s hard drive from the sidebar.
- Click the Erase button and confirm you want to erase your Mac.
Choose a name, format, and scheme for your erased hard drive — we suggest you keep the defaults.
How do I update macOS after erasing my hard drive?
- Boot your Mac into an alternate version of Recovery Mode by holding OPTION+command+R while it powers on.
- Click ‘Reinstall macOS’ to update your Mac to the latest version of macOS compatible with your machine.
You also need to hold the Option key this time, to install the latest version of macOS.
How do I recover my Time Machine backup?
- After completing the macOS update, boot your Mac into Recovery Mode a final time by holding the command+R keys while it powers on.
- Click ‘Restore from Time Machine Backup.’
- Connect your external backup drive and select the most recent backup.
Follow the on-screen prompts to restore your Time Machine backup from Recovery Mode.
Step 4. Create enough free space for the macOS update using Terminal
If you don’t have a backup and you can’t change your startup disk, your last option is to remove data from your Mac using Terminal. This requires you to enter terminal commands to navigate your hard drive and choose which files to remove. We’ve explained exactly what to do below.
Make sure you enter each command exactly as it’s written below, including punctuation and whitespaces.
How do I open Terminal from the macOS update installer?
- Boot your Mac into Recovery Mode by holding the command+R keys while it powers on.
- From the menu bar, go to Utilities > Terminal.
How do I navigate using Terminal?
You only need to know the following three commands to navigate using Terminal:
- Print Working Directory (pwd)
- List (ls)
- and Change Directory (cd).
Print Working Directory (pwd): Displays your current position in the hard drive, shown as a file path.
List (ls): Displays a list of all the files and folders in your current position.
Change Directory (cd): Allows you to move to a different position in the hard drive, by typing the file path you want to go to.
When typing a file path, insert a backslash (\) before a space. You can also use a period (.) as a shortcut for typing your current location. And finally, after you start typing, you can use Tab to cycle through autocomplete options.
How do I remove files using Terminal?
When you locate a file you want to delete, there is only one command you need to use to delete it:
- Remove (rm).
Remove (rm): Use this command, followed by a filename in your current location to immediately and permanently delete it. Be careful to type the filename correctly, including its file type, to ensure you don’t delete the wrong file.
How do I find large files using Terminal?
If you’re struggling to find large files you can delete to make enough free space for the macOS update, use the command below to see a list of every file on your Mac larger than 500 MB:
find / -size +500000 -print
You can then use the commands above to navigate to and remove those files.
Tips for creating more free space on your Mac
When you’re able to log into your Mac again, use these tips to create enough free space for future macOS updates and keep your storage use to a minimum.
1. Use iCloud Drive to optimize storage
iCloud presents the simplest way to free up space on your Mac. If you subscribe to extra iCloud storage, use iCloud Drive to upload your documents to the cloud.
Then go to your iCloud preferences and turn on Optimize Storage for iCloud Drive. This automatically removes old files from your hard drive — keeping them on iCloud Drive — to create free space on your Mac.
2. Move data to an external hard drive
If you have a lot of files or folders you don’t need all the time — like work archives, or movie collections — move all that data off your Mac and onto an external hard drive.
You can do this using drag and drop in Finder, then be sure to delete those files from your Mac when they’re safely stored to an external drive.
3. Don’t forget to empty the Trash
After you delete files, don’t forget to empty the Trash. Otherwise they still take up space on your hard drive. To do this, control-click on the Trash can in the dock and select ‘Empty Trash.’
Let us know your own space-saving tips in the comments below. And be sure to tell us if you’re still stuck in a boot loop trying to update macOS, we’ll do whatever we can to help you out.
Dan is a freelance writer based in South West England.
He spent two years supervising repairs as a Genius Admin for Apple Retail and uses that knowledge to keep our troubleshooting guides up to date.
Long before that, Dan turned to Apple products from a musical background. Having owned iPods for years, he bought a MacBook to learn sound recording and production. It was using those skills that he gained a first-class Bachelor of Science in Sound Technology.
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Whomever wrote this,
Thank you so much. You just made my day .
Hi,
I desperately need help. Especially as because of the virus I can’t take my laptop to a repair shop! I am no computer expert so any help would be appreciated.
Went to update my Apple laptop. All was well until it caught me in a loop. Whenever I restart it takes me right back again. I can’t log in or do anything. I’ve tried recovery mode and even clicking macintosh had OS X, 10.11.6 in startup disk but it take me straight back to the grey screen and failed installation again. Tried disk utility but first aid failed. Worried that I have now lost the files on the computer and I really need them! Any help would be appreciated.
Hi A,
It sounds like there are some serious issues with your Mac, and since you mention that you might have lost files, I assume you have not made a backup of your Mac recently (or at all.)
If that is the case, any further steps we can advise here place your data at risk. So if your goal is to recover your data, it’s best to contact a local repair shop–they may be available for appointments rather than open for usual business hours. Your best chance to recover your data is via a professional.
I have a years old MacBook Pro.
Recently after updating to Catalina OS my hard drive is now full.
There is not enough space for the new update.
I have a 250GB HD but now only 26.5 MB are available.
I do not have much on this laptop and rarely use it. I can’t even open email app.
What did Catalina OS do to my laptop? How do I fix this?
Hi Mark,
Do you have access to another Mac? If so, running in target disk mode might be your best option to see what’s going on with your MacBook’s storage.
Do you know if you enabled iCloud on that MacBook? If so, it’s possible that your MacBook is now full due to iCloud syncing your Music, Photos, and so forth. But that’s just a guess.
Thank you this post. I am stuck trying to free up space using the terminal because the ls command isn’t working :/
Any ideas?
When I open terminal I see [bash-3.2#
When i use command pwd I get: /var/root
Hey Phil,
What you are seeing is normal. Navigating Terminal is something you have to know to use.
That said, I might be able to help. Do these steps only IF you are okay with things NOT working out–this process worked for me and others but there is no guarantee! There is always a risk. I
f you don’t feel comfortable, take your Mac to the Apple Store or another Mac specialist. Or put your Mac into target disk mode and use another Mac to copy or delete some large files from it.
Another option is to use a bootable USB hard drive as your macOS start-up and delete files you want from the internal drive.
But if you want to continue, try this (at your own risk)
Try using this command instead: diskutil list
This lists all your disks–find your virtual memory disk which is identified by the letters VM next to APFS Volume. It should be in the same list as APFS Preboot, recovery, and your Macintosh HD
Take note of the disk identifier for your VM (usually something like disk1s4)
Next, type in and run this command to erase the VM: diskutil apfs deleteVolume disk1s4 (put the correct disk identifier for your VM there instead)
Once done, you should be able to remove files from your drive by using the rm- rf command for your volume (you need to know the file path after /Volumes/Macintosh\ HD/Users/…) to get rid of some large files and free up space (hopefully)
be very careful to make sure you use the correct disk identifier for that VM!!!
That VM is your Mac’s vitual memory paging partition (swap partition). Since you are in Recovery Mode, you can erase this VM.
Ahhh thank you for this.
Been going round and round for 5 days after trying to upgrade to Catalina, not being able to reboot and finally getting on the phone with Apple support only to find out afterward there wasn’t enough storage to install Catalina or Mojave.
I was finally able to restart from your suggestions and finally got to the login screen!! Off to delete everything I can.
I’m trying to restart using Startup disk macintosh HD however it just keeps loading. How long should it take?
Hi Megan,
It can take a bit of time, but not hours!
If you Mac is taking longer than 30 minutes, try running Apple Diagnostics by pressing the D key at startup. There might be a hardware issue impacting your startup process.
Hi, I have deiting lots of files from terminal to free up space to resume installation, but the free space has not moved. The disk utility shows the same, and so does df command. Please help , completely stuck.
Hi Martin,
After deleting your files, restart your Mac and see if Disk Utility updates your total storage and reflects your changes.
Hi! Thank you for this helpful article! I tried all your suggestions where possible and ended up using terminal. I am able to locate the big files with the command given, but I cannot get into the folders. The base line in terminal is -bash-3.2# and I cannot seem to move elsewhere. Any advise? Thank you!!
Hi Evelien,
-bash-3.2# is the default user name you see when working with Terminal in Recovery Mode.
To see files within your folders, you need to change the directory to that specific folder.
For example, if you currently see a list of your folders use the cd ./(Folder Name) to change the directory to this folder.
Once the folder is listed as the current directory in terminal use the command ls or ls -l to see the files within that folder.
ls lists the files
ls -a includes hidden files
ls -l shows the long listing format including file size and date
To learn more about Terminal commands, take a look at this Terminal cheat sheet.
What if there is nothing popping up in the startup prompt?